Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Western successes led to General Ulysses S. Lee's incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. To the west, the Union destroyed the Confederate's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and seized New Orleans. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that all persons held as slaves in states in rebellion to be free, which made ending slavery a war goal. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued.ĭuring 1861–1862 in the war's Western Theater, the Union made significant permanent gains-though in the war's Eastern Theater the conflict was inconclusive.
Both sides raised large volunteer and conscription armies. states in February 1861) and asserted claims to two more. The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states (out of the 34 U.S. Fighting broke out in April 1861 when the Confederate army began the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, just over a month after the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. The last-minute Crittenden Compromise tried to avert conflict but failed both sides prepared for war. Confederate forces seized federal forts within the territory they claimed. An initial seven southern slave states declared their secession from the country to form the Confederacy. The practice of slavery in the United States was one of the key political issues of the 19th century. Decades of political unrest over slavery led up to the Civil War. Disunion came after Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 United States presidential election on an anti-slavery expansion platform. The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (states that remained loyal to the federal union, or "the North") and the Confederacy (states that voted to secede, or "the South"). The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, four million of the 32 million Americans (~13%) were enslaved black people, almost all in the South.
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